Chapter 35: Key Terms
ABC hypothesis; apical bud; apical dominance; apical meristem; axillary bud; bark; blade; collenchyma cell; companion cell; cork cambium; cortex; dermal tissue system; determinate growth; development; endodermis; epidermis; fiber; ground tissue system; guard cells; indeterminate growth; internode; lateral meristem; lateral root; leaf primordium; lenticel; lignin; meristem; meristem identity gene; mesophyll; node; organ identity gene; parenchyma cell; pattern formation; pericycle; periderm; petiole; phase change; phloem; pith; polarity; primary growth; root; root cap; root hair; root system; sclereid; sclerenchyma cell; secondary growth; shoot system; sieve plate; sieve-tube element; stele; stem; stoma; taproot; tissue; tissue system; tracheid; vascular cambium; vascular tissue system; vessel; vessel element; xylem
Review Questions:
- How does the vascular tissue system enable leaves and roots to function together in supporting growth and development of the whole plant?
- Elaborate upon whether primary and secondary growth can occur at the same time in the same plant.
- Unlike leaves, roots and stems tend to grow indeterminately, explain how is this beneficial to the plant?
- How does primary growth differ in roots and shoots?
- Since stomata and lenticels are involved in the gaseous exchange process, why does the stomata, unlike the lenticels need to close at times?
- Since two cells in a plant have the same genetic material, how can these two cells have different structures?
- State at least three variables between animal and plant development.
- Describe three specializations in plant organs and plant cells that are considered adaptations to terrestrial life.
- Distinguish between primary and secondary growth.
- How does the branching process in roots vary as compared to that in stems?
- Since plants can undergrow secondary growth, what are some of the advantages of such evolutionary process?
- Since plant cells do not expand in all directions, explain the method that allows them to get longer along one axis?
Chapter 36: Key Terms
abscisic acid (ABA); aquaporin; bulk flow; canopy; Casparian strip; circadian rhythm; cohesion-tension hypothesis; flaccid; guttation; megapascal; mycorrhiza; osmosis
phloem; phloem sap; phyllotaxy; plasmolysis; pressure potential; protoplast; root pressure; solute potential; sugar sink; sugar source;
symplast; translocation; transpiration; turgid; turgor pressure; water potential; wilting; xerophyte; xylem sap
Review Questions:
- What is the significance of long-distance transport for vascular plants?
- How do stem elongation, production of erect leaves, and reduced lateral branching help plants to compete when certain plants realize a higher dosage of sunlight being reflected from leaves of nearby plants?
- If a plant cell that is placed in pure water has a solute potential (ψs) of – 0.7 MPa (megapascal) and water potential (ψ) of 0 MPa, Determine the cell’s pressure potential (ψp)? If you were to place it in an open beaker of solution that has a (ψ) of -0.4 MPa, determine is (ψp) at equilibrium.
- If the number of aquaporin channels (water channels in membrane) were to be reduced, how will this influence the ability of a plant cell to adapt to this new osmotic condition?
- Explain how would the long-distance of water transportation be influenced if the tracheids and vessel elements were to be alive at maturity?
- Explain the reason that when Zinnia flowers are cut early in the morning, a small water droplet collects at the surface of the rooted stump, but if it were to be cut at noon, no droplet is observed?
- Compare the Casparian strip with tight junctions that you may have learned in CH. 6.
- Identify the stimuli that are responsible for the behavior of the stomata.
- Explain a method that brings about the activation of the proton pumps in the cell membrane of a plant cell that leads to severe wilting due to a toxin called fusicoccin, which causes uncontrollable water loss.
- Distinguish among the forces that move the phloem sap and the xylem sap over long distances.
- Distinguish between plant organs that are sugar sources compared to those that are sugar sinks and those that are either.
- Explain the reason that xylem can carry its functions using dead cells while phloem requires active ones.
- Contrast plasmodesmata with gap junctions.
- Why do you think that nerve-like signals in animals are much faster than their plant counterparts?
- How did the changes over time in xylem and phloem of vascular plants lead to much colonization of land?
- Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Why is this important for xylem sap movement?
- Elaborate upon the ways that symplastic communication is regulated.
Chapter 39 Key Terms
(D)ay-neutral plant(s); action spectrum; auxin; blue-light
photoreceptor; brassinosteroid(s); circadian rhythm; communication; cytokinin;
de-etiolation;
E site; effector; ethylene; etiolation; expansin; florigen; gibberellin; gravitropism
heat-shock protein; hypersensitive response; jasmonate; long-day plant
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs); photomorphogenesis; photoperiodism
phototropism; phytochrome; salicylic acid; second messenger; senescence; short-day plant
strigolactone; systemic acquired resistance; thigmomorphogenesis; thigmotropism
triple response; tropism; vernalization
Review Questions:
- Morphologically speaking, contrast between dark- and light-grown plants, and elaborate upon how etiolation assist in the competition of a seedling.
- Since protein synthesis can be stopped by a chemical called cycloheximide, what result can it have on de-etiolation?
- How may fusicoccin influence the growth of isolated stem sections?
- Assuming that an enzyme of soybean leaves tends to be very active at noon versus midnight, is its activity under circadian regulation? Explain your response.
- Thermal imaging is used on plants to isolate mutants that produce abscisic acid excessively. Why do you think these tend to be warmer than wild-type plants under normal, non-stressful conditions?
- A certain type of plant tends to grow shorter near the aisles than in the middle. Explain this “edge effect”, which occurs often in the gardening process.
- Explain some of the disadvantages of spraying vegetation fields with insecticides.
- Since chewing insects mechanically can damage plants, lessen the surface area of photosynthetic leaves, and make plants vulnerable to be attacked by disease- causing germs, suggest a reason for why this can take place.
- Many disease-causing fungal germs get their nutrition by causing plant cell to leak out their nutrients into the intercellular spaces, would it be advantageous for the fungus to kill its host so that all the nutrients will leak out? Explain your response.
- Identify two ways that signal transduction pathways help the activity of specific enzymes.
- Explain the saying, “One rotten apple spoils the whole bunch.”
- Why did plant physiologists suggest the existence of a flowering hormone molecule (florigen) that brings about such a flowering process?
- What is the reason that plants that are used to drought are often more resistant to freezing conditions as well?
- Elaborate upon the fact of how insects can make plants more susceptible to pathogens.