Mr. Biggar's Classes

The last words for Chapter 11! I know it is a lot. Next week we will have a test over only the vocab from 11.3 and 11.4!

49. Conquer: Invade or attack. يغزو
50. Surplus: having more than you need. إضافي
51. Shortage: having less than you need. نقص
52. disappear: not there anymore اختفى
53. civilization: a city with people and a government حضارة
54. archaeologist: a scientist who digs in the earth عالم اثار
55. isthmus: a small piece of land that connects two larger pieces قطعة صغيرة من الأرض التي تصل إلى قطع أكبر
56. Hieroglyphics: signs and symbols used by ancient civilizations.
57. Calendar التقويم: A system of days and months that create a year.
58. priest كاهن: a religious man
59. invent اخترع: to make something for the first time

60. peasants: poor farmers
61. swamps: wet areas of land مستنقع
62. abandon: to leave something behind
63. merchants: traders
64. property: something you own ممتلكات
65. Stories: levels
66. pyramid: a large triangle shaped temple
67. huge ضخم: very very big
68. enormous: very very very big
69. settle تستقر: to stay in one place
70. valley الوادي: flat land between the mountains
71. palace قصر: a large house for a ruler
72. terrace: flat land built into the mountain for farming
73. fort حصن: a large building used to save food and weapons

34. Crusaders الصليبيين: men who spread Christianity by war
35. Capture: take over and control قبض على
36. Empire: a large country and its colonies إمبراطورية
37. Developed: grew متطور
38. Center: in the middle of an area مركز
39. Trade: buying and selling goods تجارة
40. routes: a street that takes you to a place طرق التجارة
41. control: to have power on someone or something سيطر عليه
42. region: place (NOT RELIGION; BE careful) منطقة
43. caravan: a group of traders and camels قافلة
44. gold: a very expensive metal ذهب
45. taxes: money that is given to the government ضريبة
46. tribute: taxes (synonyms) الضرائب
47. Treasury: the government’s money المالية
48. Infidel: a person who does not believe in the same religion as others كافر

19. capital city العاصمة: the most important city and government city of a country
20. banks شاطئ النهر: the shore of a river
21. garden حديقة: a place to grow beautiful flowers
22. trade routes الطريق التجاري: a street that people trade on
23. control: to take over a place سيطر
24. link: connect ربط
25. trader: a person who sells things تاجر
26. artisan: a person who makes things using his hands الحرفيين
27. dynastyسلالة : a family of rulers
28. ruler حاكمة: a person who controls a country
29. Mesopotamia بلاد ما بين النهرين: the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
30. Tigris and Euphrates دجلة والفرات : two important rivers in Iraq
31. surplus إضافي: too much
32. shortage نقص: too little or not enough
33. blend خليط: a mix
34. cultureحضاره: the practices that people do each day
35. contagiousمعدي: spreads from person to person
36. improveتحسن: to make better