- income effect: a change in quantity demanded when the consumers income changes
- conversely مقابل: in exchange
- substitutes بدائل: competing products that can be used in place of each other
- change in demand: a shift of the whole demand curve to right or left
- determinants: causes/shifters
- consumer tastes الآراء: what buyers want, in demand
- related مماثل: similar, alike
- expectations توقعات: what should happen, predictions
- refund إعادة مال: money returned
- complements تكملة: products that affect each other in prices and demand