- capital city العاصمة: the most important city and government city of a country
- banks شاطئ النهر: the shore of a river
- garden حديقة: a place to grow beautiful flowers
- trade routes الطريق التجاري: a street that people trade on
- control: to take over a place سيطر
- link: connect ربط
- trader: a person who sells things تاجر
- artisan: a person who makes things using his hands الحرفيين
- dynastyسلالة : a family of rulers
- ruler حاكمة: a person who controls a country
- Mesopotamia بلاد ما بين النهرين: the land between the Tigris and Euphrates
- Tigris and Euphrates دجلة والفرات : two important rivers in Iraq
- surplus إضافي: too much
- shortage نقص: too little or not enough
- blend خليط: a mix
- cultureحضاره: the practices that people do each day
- contagiousمعدي: spreads from person to person
- improveتحسن: to make better
World History 11.2 Vocab
