This should help to create your responses to the short answer questions.

Question 19:

1. Imperialism: a policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, and/or military control over weaker territories
   • Why was imperialism so important?
     • Desire for military power and prestige
     • The U.S. needed to est. its military presence like the rest of the world
     • Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy urged the gov’t to build up its military strength
       1. Hawaii= Naval base at Pearl Harbor
       2. Build Panama Canal= Get naval ships around the world faster
2. Open new markets for trade
   • Technology allowed farmers and factories to create more supply than demand
     • China= Open door notes/ policy= Free trade with China controlled by US
     • Need for sugar from Cuba or Hawaii
3. Belief in cultural superiority
   • Manifest destiny: it was the destiny (God given right) of the U.S. to expand its territory
   • Philippines– spread culture and Democracy to the uneducated

Question 20:

1. Ruling Puerto Rico
   • US policy in Puerto Rico
     • General Nelson A. Miles and the military controlled Puerto Rico
     • “…bestow upon you (Puerto Ricans) the immunities and blessings of the liberal institutions of our (United States) government.”
     • Foraker Act-1900 (same as Philippines Gov’t Act): called for governor & upper house to be appointed by the US, and lower house to be elected by Puerto Ricans. Made Puerto Ricans American citizens and gave them the right to create their own government (approved by the US)
     • Supreme Court ruled the Constitution doesn’t automatically apply to people in acquired territories
2. Cuba and the United States
   • Platt Amendment (ratified in 1903): U.S. would pull American troops out if the following was added to Cuba’s Constitution
     • Limited Cuba’s freedom to make treaties with other countries
     • U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs as it saw necessary (ended 1934)
     • Cuba couldn’t acquire more debt than it can repay
     • Required Cuba to sell or lease land to the S. for naval and/or fueling station (Guantanamo Bay)

• Made Cuba an American protectorate:  U.S. will protect Cuba from      other nations & reserved the right to intervene in Cuban affairs

3. Philippines

• America spread their culture to the Philippine Islands; bring education & culture to the uneducated
• Emilio Aguinaldo and many rebels starting fighting against the imperialistic American forces in 1899

Question 21:

1. President Woodrow Wilson, Taft’s successor believed in missionary diplomacy: pressure and only recognize gov’ts that that promote and utilize democratic gov’ts
   • Wilson’s philosophy would be tested during the Mexican Revolution
2. Wilson’s Challenges in the Mexican Revolution
   • Mexico’s president Porfirio Diaz helped S. investors take control of Mexico’s economy
     • Diaz and wealthy landowners controlled Mexico’s oil, mines, railroads, ranches, and profits
     • U.S. owned ¾ of Mexican mining
   • Angry peasants and struggling urban workers rebelled
   • Venustiano Carranza, a nationalist leader, assumed the presidency in 1915
     • US recognized his gov’t, because he would respect foreign lives & property
   • Pancho Villa opposed Carranza’a gov’t and felt betrayed by the U.S. (Villa often worked with the U.S.)
   • Wilson sent 15,000 U.S. troops into Mexico to get Villa dead or alive (General John J. Pershing led forces)